Browsing by Author "Doyle-Baker, Patricia"
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Item Open Access 3km Track Time Trial Performance in Cross-Country Skiers After a High Intensity Training Session(2020-06-12) Winegarden, Anneke I; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Passfield, Louis; Lebrun, ConstanceMen and women have different morphology and physiology that lead to sex differences in performance and fatigability. Although women continue to increase their participation and performance in sport, the research used to guide training principles has been heavily reliant on male athletes. One reason a woman s physiology differs is because of the fluctuating hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. Estrogen and progesterone, are hormones known to influence metabolism as well as basal body temperature regulation, potentially impacting a women s training, performance and fatigue. Race-specific performance can be effectively measured by time-trials, and time trial (TT) performance is influenced by pacing strategy. Pacing strategy is a learned skill and less experienced athletes are likely to have a variable pacing strategy which may reduce performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of sex, menstrual cycle phase, age and pacing strategies on 3km track TT performance after a high intensity interval training (HIIT) session in cross-country (XC) skiers. Thirty female and nine male XC skiers completed 3 days of testing/training: a 3km track TT on Day 1 (pre-HIIT) and Day 3 (post-HIIT), and a HIIT session composed of 4-8x 800m on Day 2. An overall improvement in performance from pre- to post-HIIT TTs was observed (p<0.01). Significant differences were not observed in TT performance after HIIT between sexes (p=0.16) or menstrual cycle phases (p=0.26). There was a trend for greater improvement in TT performance after HIIT in younger (u18) athletes compared to older (18+) athletes (p=0.06). Pacing strategy of u18 athletes did not differ between those who did or did not improve their performance, although all u18 athletes improved pacing strategy in the Post-HIIT TT. Most 18+ athletes did not improve pacing strategy; however, those who did were significantly more likely to also improve their TT performance.Item Open Access Effects of a Structured Exergaming Curriculum on Postural Balance in Older Adults(2019-07-03) Hashim, Jawad; Katz, Larry; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Din, Cari; Tang, AnthonyPostural balance is a key component of mobility and functional independence, and it progressively declines in older adults. This randomised control trial (n=42) assigned participants aged 65 and over, in a six-week exergaming balance training (EBT) program using the Nintendo® Wii Fit U™ platform, a traditional balance training (CBT) program, and a control group in order to examine the effectiveness of these training programs in improving balance. The outcomes were measured at pre, post and three weeks follow up. The results suggested that dynamic balance improved in the EBT group as measured by Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (Pre: 31.797 ± 1.556 SE, Post: 34.130 ± 1.315 SE, p<0.05) and Gait Speed (Pre: 0.865 m/s ± 0.040 SE, Post: 1.013 m/s ± 0.040, p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in self-reported measures of balance (Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale) and static balance as measured by center of pressure excursion in the intervention groups. These findings should guide future researchers and health professionals about exergames selection, utility and application in balance rehabilitation programs.Item Open Access Exploring Self-Reported Participation and Injury Trends in Private Studio Dancers: Implications for Injury Prevention Strategies.(2023-04-28) George, Allison Brieanna; Kenny, Sarah; Black, Amanda; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Kloetzel, MelanieIntroduction: The majority of dance injury research has examined pre-professional and professional ballet and contemporary dancers. Most dancers begin their training in a private studio environment at a young age and train in a variety of dance styles, however the studio dance population has largely been left out of the research. Objective: To describe the participation and injury trends among pre-adolescent studio dancers, as well as the feasibility of further research in the studio dance population. Methods: Validity and reliability study and cross-sectional study designs. Dancer participants were recruited from private dance studios across Alberta, Canada. The validity and reliability study (VRS) utilized a 4-stage process to design and evaluate a novel questionnaire (Pre-Adolescent Dance Injury and Participation Questionnaire [PADIP-Q]): initial questionnaire design based on previous literature, expert panel review (n=9), cognitive interviews (n=6) and test-retest reliability (n=28). The cross-sectional study (CSS) used the PADIP-Q to examine demographics, dance training, and injury among pre-adolescent studio dancers, 19 private dance studios participated, and 56 dancers (age 7-12 years) completed the questionnaire reflecting on the previous 1-year (1y) and previous 4-months (4m). Results: For the VRS, key recommendations for revision of the PADIP-Q included vocabulary adjustment, inclusion of operational definitions, additional categorization of dance classes and styles, and layout adjustments. Reliability assessment demonstrated good to excellent reliability across all items of the questionnaire (categorical: Cohen’s kappa coefficients (k) 0.32-1.00, percent agreement (%A) 81-100%; numerical: Interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) 0.14-1.00, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) 0.14-1.00, largest absolute mean difference (md) 0.46). For the CSS, 36% (95%CI 0.22,0.52)(1y) and 29%(95%CI 0.16,0.45)(4m) of participants reported an injury, 70%(1y) and 75%(4m) of reported injuries were acute (1y:70%; 4m:75%), and muscle strains (1y:35; 4m:55%) or joint sprains (1y:25; 4m:29%). Dancers reported training in multiple styles and median dance hours as 6.9 hours/week(1y) and 7.0 hours/week(4m). Conclusion: The PADIP-Q was found to be valid and reliable for use with pre-adolescent private studio dancers. Pre-adolescent studio dancers train for several hours each week in a variety of dance styles; they are also experiencing acute injuries that affect their ability to fully participate in dance. To develop effective injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies, further study is needed.Item Open Access Long-term cardiorespiratory, exercise intolerance and autonomic nervous system outcomes following adolescent sport-related concussion(2023-09-15) Carere, Joseph; Smirl, Jonathan; Emery, Carolyn; Brassard, Patrice; Doyle-Baker, PatriciaAdolescents experience high rates of sport related concussion (SRC) and are neurologically vulnerable. There is a paucity of research examining long-term physiological outcomes following adolescent SRC. This thesis compared cardiorespiratory, exercise intolerance, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) outcomes 5-15-years prior to study enrolment for individuals who sustained an adolescent SRC (SRC), a sport-related musculoskeletal injury (MSK), or played adolescent sport and went uninjured (CON). Data was collected for 156 participants (50 CON; 52 MSK; 54 SRC). Study findings suggest cardiorespiratory fitness and ANS function were generally robust to SRC, though prolonged concussion-related symptoms led to heightened discomfort during physical activity in a small subset of participants. Overall, these findings are encouraging when considering adolescent sport participation. They demonstrate that ANS and cardiorespiratory fitness are generally robust in the long-term to SRC sustained during this important neurodevelopment period. Future research should investigate physiological outcomes in those with persistent symptoms.Item Embargo Menstrual Cycle Research Methods Using Salivary and Urinary Hormones: Tools to Describe Menstrual Phases in Naturally Cycling Females(2024-04-30) Doroshuk, Marissa Lyn; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Lebrun, Constance; Holash, JohnUnderrepresentation of female-sexed participants in research has been widely attributed to challenges in tracking the menstrual cycle (MC). Different methodologies have been employed to overcome barriers of high costs and burden but may have resulted in reduced MC research quality. Recently, a combination of evidence-based methods has been shown to detect MC phases in lab settings. A gap, however, remains in field-based settings where a need exists for reliable MC tracking methods. New technologies for MC tracking could help reduce this gap, but many lack incorporation of scientific methods. This warrants development of accessible and evidence-informed MC tracking methods for field-based studies and to describe data provided by MC technologies. The purpose of this thesis was to 1) examine the use of salivary and urinary methods in MC phase detection, 2) assess the performance of a modified, three-step MC tracking method in MC classification, and 3) pilot test this method to describe data employing a MC technology. Naturally cycling female-sexed participants were recruited (n = 44) to complete calendar counting, urine ovulation tests, and salivary hormone tests during their estimated mid-luteal phase while using this technology. It was observed that salivary and urinary methods could be used for MC phase detection and this approach informed the study methodology. The modified, three-step method yielded a sensitivity of 64.7% and specificity of 90.9% in classifying individuals as high and low hormone. Cycle length (p = 0.0007) and salivary progesterone (p < 0.0001) were significantly different between hormone groups. Based on the results, progesterone may be a meaningful MC phase identifier (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.24 – 3.17, p < 0.0001). The modified, three-step method was used as a tool to assess agreement with predefined menstrual phases in this technology which showed promise as an assessment tool. These results may contribute to future MC research by reducing burden and accessibility barriers through the development of field-based, evidence-informed practices.Item Open Access Neuromuscular Function and Performance in Alpine Ski Racers with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Return to Sport Framework(2017) Jordan, Matthew J; Herzog, Walter; Aagaard, Per; Heard, Mark; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Kolb, Jon; Holmberg, Hans-Christer; Edwards, BrentThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ACL injury on neuromuscular function in elite alpine ski racers, and to monitor skiers throughout the return to sport transition. In Chapter 2 a narrative review of the literature was performed on ACL injury, ACL re-injury, and return to sport after ACL injury in ski racing. In Chapter 3, a new test of inter-limb functional asymmetry was used to evaluate alpine ski racers with/without ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Despite a full return to competition, ACLR ski racers demonstrated elevated inter-limb functional asymmetries that were correlated with lower limb muscle mass asymmetry. In Chapter 4, hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios were measured in ski racers with/without ACLR. ACLR ski racers displayed significant hamstring/quadriceps strength deficits in the ACLR limb compared to the contralateral limb and the limb average of non-injured skiers. In Chapter 5, the functional lower-limb asymmetry test introduced in Chapter 3 was used to evaluate the acute effects of a fatiguing jump protocol on asymmetry and hamstring/quadriceps muscle activity in ski racers with/without ACLR. The ACLR skiers displayed systematic inter-limb functional asymmetries. ACLR skiers displayed reduced quadriceps muscle activity at takeoff in the surgical limb. Both the ACLR group and non-injured controls became quadriceps dominant with fatigue. Quadriceps muscle activity increased while hamstring muscle activity decreased. Notably, this was found in the pre-landing phase. In Chapter 6, primary ACLR operative reports from 28 skiers were analyzed to evaluate the associated pathology including multi-ligament injury, meniscal tears and chondral lesions. Operative reports from future surgeries were analyzed to evaluate the injury progression. At the time of primary ACLR, there was a higher proportion of chondral lesions in the lateral compartment compared to the medial compartment, and complex meniscal tears compared to one-dimensional tears. At the time point of future surgery, a significant proportion of skiers showed a worsening of chondral lesions, including half of the skiers presenting with Grade 3 or Grade 4 lesions. Functional asymmetry was also evaluated at various time points following primary ACLR. Nearly two years were required for functional asymmetry indices to reach values comparable to those of non-injured ski racers.Item Open Access Physical Activity and Concussion Outcomes in Youth Ice Hockey Players(2016) Blake, Tracy; Emery, Carolyn; Meeuwisse, Willem; Brooks, Brian; Doyle-Baker, PatriciaSport participation is one of the most common means of physical activity engagement amongst Canadian children and youth, but exposure to sport also comes with an increased risk of injury. Concussions are the most common specific injury in youth ice hockey, which is played by over a quarter of a million young Canadians every year. There is a gap in the literature regarding the association between physical activity and concussion from a primary prevention perspective. In this document, the association between PA and concussion outcomes were examined in youth ice hockey players. Male Pee Wee (11-12 years old) and Bantam (13-14 years old) ice hockey players who did not meet the physical activity recommendations were more than twice as likely to sustain a concussion as male Pee Wee and Bantam ice hockey players who met the physical activity recommendations. Meeting the physical activity recommendations was not associated with concussion risk amongst male Midget ice hockey players (15-17 years old). There was no significant association between six-week total physical activity volume and concussion risk in male youth ice hockey players, regardless of age. Hourly increases in weekly hockey-specific participation were associated with increased risk of concussion. Hourly increases in 28-day cumulative hockey participation volume were associated with increased concussion risk in 13-17 year-old ice hockey players. There was no association between meeting the physical activity recommendations and the odds of performing exceptionally well or exceptionally poorly on the Standardized Assessment of Concussion and Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment Cognitive Testing. A systematic review revealed that the quantity and quality of the current available evidence evaluating the impact of concussion on cardiac autonomic function is not yet sufficient to support its use as a measure of response to PA following concussion. The implications of these findings on future research were discussed.Item Open Access Spread of Makoyoh’sokoi (Wolf Trail): a community led, physical activity-based, holistic wellness program for Indigenous women in Canada(2023-08-12) Frehlich, Levi; Amson, Ashley; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Black, Tia; Boustead, Dawn; Cameron, Erin; Crowshoe, Lynden (Lindsay); McBrien, Kerry; Ji, Yunqi (Jacob); McGuire, Ashlee; Oliver, Alicia; Tuttauk, Loretta; Zhang, Jessica; Checholik, Carly; Wicklum, SonjaAbstract Globally, Indigenous populations have been impacted by colonization. Populations who have endured colonization are at higher risk of developing chronic diseases. Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission emphasizes reducing barriers to participation in physical activity and recommends the creation of culturally relevant and supportive policies and programing. Physical activity is a cornerstone in health promotion and public health to combat chronic diseases; however, in Canada, Indigenous developed physical activity programing is sparse, and those targeting women are non-existent in some regions. Makoyoh'sokoi (The Wolf Trail Program) is an 18-week long, holistic wellness program that was created by and for Indigenous women. Makoyoh'sokoi was developed by communities following extensive consultation and cultural oversight. Makoyoh'sokoi’s core program consists of 12 weeks of weekly physical activity programing and health education, followed by another 6 weeks of weekly health education. Notably, communities have control over the program to modify based on individual needs and challenges. Programs commence and conclude with a ceremony with Elders giving a blessing and opening each other to connection. The goals of Makoyoh'sokoi are to empower women, improve health outcomes, and to implement a sustainable program by training a network of community members in their respective communities to facilitate delivery.Item Open Access The neighbourhood built environment and health-related fitness: a narrative systematic review(2022-09-24) Frehlich, Levi; Christie, Chelsea D.; Ronksley, Paul E.; Turin, Tanvir C.; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; McCormack, Gavin R.Abstract Background There is increasing evidence demonstrating the importance of the neighbourhood built environment in supporting physical activity. Physical activity provides numerous health benefits including improvements in health-related fitness (i.e., muscular, cardiorespiratory, motor, and morphological fitness). Emerging evidence also suggests that the neighbourhood built environment is associated with health-related fitness. Our aim was to summarize evidence on the associations between the neighbourhood built environment and components of health-related fitness in adults. Methods We undertook a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Our data sources included electronic searches in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Environment Complete, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and Transport Research International Documentation from inception to March 2021. Our eligibility criteria consisted of observational and experimental studies estimating associations between the neighbourhood built environment and health-related fitness among healthy adults (age ≥ 18 years). Eligible studies included objective or self-reported measures of the neighbourhood built environment and included either objective or self-reported measures of health-related fitness. Data extraction included study design, sample characteristics, measured neighbourhood built environment characteristics, and measured components of health-related fitness. We used individual Joanna Briggs Institute study checklists based on identified study designs. Our primary outcome measure was components of health-related fitness (muscular; cardiorespiratory; motor, and morphological fitness). Results Twenty-seven studies (sample sizes = 28 to 419,562; 2002 to 2020) met the eligibility criteria. Neighbourhood destinations were the most consistent built environment correlate across all components of health-related fitness. The greatest number of significant associations was found between the neighbourhood built environment and morphological fitness while the lowest number of associations was found for motor fitness. The neighbourhood built environment was consistently associated with health-related fitness in studies that adjusted for physical activity. Conclusion The neighbourhood built environment is associated with health-related fitness in adults and these associations may be independent of physical activity. Longitudinal studies that adjust for physical activity (including resistance training) and sedentary behaviour, and residential self-selection are needed to obtain rigorous causal evidence for the link between the neighbourhood built environment and health-related fitness. Trial registration Protocol registration: PROSPERO number CRD42020179807.Item Open Access Training Status and Not Aging Per Se, Determines the Speed of the V̇O2 Kinetics Response(2017) George, Mitchell; Murias, Juan; Doyle-Baker, Patricia; Reimer, Raylene; duManoir, GregoryAt the onset of moderate-intensity exercise in humans, an increase in energetic demand stimulates an increase in oxidative phosphorylation and thus oxygen provision to the muscles. However, the adjustment of oxidative phosphorylation at the onset of exercise follows an exponential profile. Recent research has attempted to understand the extent of this adjustment in young and older humans, by investigating oxygen delivery to the active tissues. Some researchers have suggested that perhaps training status and not aging per se determines the dynamic adjustment of oxygen consumption during the exercise transition. This study attempted to understand these differences using a model of aging and training. Fifty-seven men were divided into six groups based on age and activity level. The participants underwent a ramp-incremental test, a vascular occlusion test and three moderate intensity exercise transitions. The results suggest that training and not aging per se determine the V̇O2 kinetics response.