Browsing by Author "Ellard, John H."
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Item Open Access A typology of interpersonal schemata: parents' schematic representations of their children(1995) Kelln, Brad R. C. (Bradley Robert Charles); Ellard, John H.Item Open Access Accounting for The Revelation Effect: Criterion Flux or Discrepancy Misattribution?(2018-07-03) Currie, Devon; Bodner, Glen E.; Ellard, John H.; Sears, Christopher R.; Climie, Emma A.The revelation effect occurs when performing an initial task (vs. no task) increases ratings/endorsements of a subsequent target. I examined whether initial task difficulty (solving an easy vs. hard anagram) moderates the revelation effect in recognition and truth tasks. By a criterion flux account, solving an anagram displaces working memory contents, yielding a liberal response bias. This account predicts a revelation effect only in the recognition task—not influenced by anagram difficulty. By a discrepancy misattribution account, after solving an anagram, discrepantly fluent processing of the target is misattributed to recognition/truth. This account predicts a revelation effect in both tasks that is larger after hard anagrams. The revelation effect on recognition ratings was significant only after hard anagrams, consistent with both accounts, whereas a revelation effect on truth ratings occurred only after easy anagrams, contrary to both accounts. However, I argue that discrepancy misattribution fits best with this unexpected pattern.Item Open Access An experimental investigation of situational and personality antecedents of personal relative deprivation(2008) Kulczycki, Amber Bobbi; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access Construction and validation of a self-report measure of exaggerated deservingness: the XD21(1997) Kelln, Bradley R.C.; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access The Effect of Political Ideology on Moral Judgments of Minority Group Members(2019-09-30) Parker, Daniel J.; Ellard, John H.; MacInnis, Cara C.; Lee, Kibeom; Godley, JennyThere is evidence liberals are more likely to perceive minority group members as victims of racial discrimination and unfair treatment compared to conservatives. We examined whether perceived victim status affects people's moral judgments towards minority groups by exploring the effect of political ideology on people's moral judgments of crimes committed by minority group members. A sample of white University undergraduates (N = 365; 299 women; 65 men; 1 non-binary, Mage = 20.96, SD = 8.16) were assessed on their political orientation, completed relevant individual difference measures, and then read a fabricated news article describing an identical looting and assault committed by either a white man, a Muslim man, or an unidentified man. Overall participants were less morally outraged and less punitive towards the Muslim perpetrator compared to the white perpetrator and this relationship was further moderated by political ideology. The findings suggest that not only was liberalism associated with being less morally outraged and less punitive towards a minority group member compared to a white ingroup member but also more outraged and more punitive towards a white person compared to an unidentified person. This study was limited by its use of an all white undergraduate sample with overall ideological orientation skewed towards liberalism. Future research should explore this phenomenon using a non-student sample, should include other minority groups as targets, and test more thoroughly for the ways granting victim status can affect moral judgments.Item Open Access Emotional Risk-Taking in Romantic Relationships(2019-12-20) Turnbull, Katherine; Ellard, John H.; Boon, Susan D.; Szeto, Andrew C.H.; Sinclair, ShaneThis study explores the phenomenon of emotional risk-taking (ERT), a component of self-disclosure that has exclusively been addressed in counseling, social work, and behavioral therapy literature. Brown (2012) has developed a theoretical rationale stating that individuals who embrace vulnerability (i.e., ERT) experience a deeper connection with others. Brown’s views are influential for the themes within the study, especially distinguishing trust from ERT. ERT is examined in the context of romantic relationships, as self-disclosure has been proposed to be one of the most critical influences of intimacy. Participants (N = 290) were recruited via Prolific, an academic survey host. The participant’s ages ranged from 18-74 years old (M = 33.47, SD = 10.57), with 54.1% identifying as female, 44.8% identifying as male, .7% identifying as non-binary, and .3% preferring not to disclose. The durations of the romantic relationships ranged from 6 months to 54 years (M = 9.11, SD = 8.53). Participants completed open-ended questions concerning a hypothetical scenario necessitating emotional risk-taking. Participants also completed measures of trust, intimacy, guilt and shame, ERT, and self-disclosure. Findings indicated positive relationships between ERT, trust, intimacy, and self-disclosure. As well, moderation and mediation analyses were conducted, indicating that ERT, as predicted, partially mediates the relationship between self-disclosure and intimacy. In addition, self-disclosure, along with ERT, mediated the relationship between trust and intimacy. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.Item Open Access Examining Judgements of Ambiguous Extradyadic Behaviours Using a Policy Capturing Method(2020-09-15) Salavati, Sara; Boon, Susan D.; Ellard, John H.; Sears, Christopher R.; Fantl, JeremyAmbiguous extradyadic behaviours such as buying/receiving gifts or talking on the phone can be perceived as infidelity under certain circumstances and therefore cause distress and conflicts in romantic relationships. The research presented here used a policy capturing method to illuminate the relative role of contextual factors (secrecy, frequency of the behaviour, and familiarity with the rival) in perceiving whether an ambiguous act crosses the line from benign to infidelity. In two sessions, 43 participants completed individual difference measures and rated 30 different vignettes in which the ambiguous behaviour (i.e., direct messaging on social media) was kept constant, but levels of contextual factors varied. Multilevel modelling revealed that participants perceived secrecy as the most important contextual factor in deciding whether an ambiguous behaviour was infidelity. Keeping a behaviour secret breaches important relational rules such as honesty and trust and indicates an awareness of guilt. Frequency of the behaviour was the second most influential contextual factor. High frequency of engaging in an extradyadic behaviour can signal an interest and investment in the extradyadic relationship. Familiarity was the least important contextual factor, suggesting its effect might depend on other contextual factors such as the rival’s attractiveness. Reactive jealousy and attachment avoidance as individual difference variables partially predicted participants’ judgements; however, such results need to be replicated in a bigger sample. The findings have implications for couples discussing the boundaries of their relationship and recognizing the source of emotional distress in the occurrence of ambiguous behaviours. Future research can benefit from investigating other contextual factors and responses to the perceived threat following an ambiguous behaviour.Item Open Access Examining the Relationship Between Work Stress and Employee Outcomes: A Longitudinal Moderated-Mediation Model(2018-10-18) Mayers, David Adam; Chapman, Derek S.; Lee, Kibeom; Sulsky, Lorne; Ellard, John H.; Turner, NickThe experience of work stress is widespread and often associated with deleterious employee outcomes. However, researchers have found that some types of work stress are associated with beneficial employee outcomes. Hindrance stress, which is evoked by threatening aspects of a job, has consistently been related to negative outcomes. On the other hand, stress that emanates from opportunities for growth and gain (challenge), has been associated with positive outcomes. Little is known about the psychological mechanisms responsible for these effects. The purpose of this dissertation is extend previous empirical and theoretical work on the relationship between work stress and employee outcomes. To this end, a new model of stress was developed to investigate perceptions of Need-Supply (N-S) fit (the match between employee needs and organizational supplies) as an explanation (mediator) for the relationship between the experience of challenge and hindrance stress with several employee outcomes. In addition, job self-efficacy (beliefs about the ability to perform work related tasks) was proposed of moderate the mediated effect of challenge stress; self-esteem (an overall appraisal of self-worth) was proposed to moderate the mediated effect of hindrance stress. A full three-wave panel study was carried out using sample of full-time employees across a wide range of industries, located in a large Western Canadian City. Generally, the results of this study provided mixed support for perceptions N-S fit as a mediating mechanism linking stress to employee outcomes. The data failed to support lagged relationships of stress on perceptions of N-S fit. Some support was found for a model where the relationship between stress and perceptions of N-S fit happens in the same temporal space. The moderating effects of job self-efficacy and self-esteem failed to find support. Overall, the results suggest that perceptions of N-S fit and job attitudes are relatively stable and resistant to lagged relationships of stress over a six month time span. Theoretical implications, limitations, suggestions for suture research, and managerial implications are discussed.Item Open Access Examining Weight Bias among Practicing Canadian Family Physicians(Karger Publishers, 2019-11-08) Alberga, Angela S.; Nutter, Sarah; MacInnis, Cara; Ellard, John H.; Russell-Mayhew, ShellyObjectives: The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of practicing Canadian family physicians about individuals with obesity, their healthcare treatment, and perceptions of obesity treatment in the public healthcare system. Method: A national sample of Canadian practicing family physicians (n = 400) completed the survey. Participants completed measures of explicit weight bias, attitudes towards treating patients with obesity, and perceptions that people with obesity increase demand on the public healthcare system. Results: Responses consistent with weight bias were not observed overall but were demonstrated in a sizeable minority of respondents. Many physicians also reported feeling frustrated with patients with obesity and agreed that people with obesity increase demand on the public healthcare system. Male physicians had more negative attitudes than females. More negative attitudes towards treating patients with obesity were associated with greater perceptions of them as a public health demand. Conclusion: Results suggest that negative attitudes towards patients with obesity exist among some family physicians in Canada. It remains to be determined if physicians develop weight bias partly because they blame individuals for their obesity and its increased demand on the Canadian public healthcare system. More research is needed to better understand causes and consequences of weight bias among health professionals and make efforts towards its reduction in healthcare.Item Open Access Individual differences in the effects of playing violent video games: specific play rehearsals and changes in aggression(2009) Bolton, Amanda Geraldine; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access Men's ambivalence toward women: the role of anticipatory guilt in amplifying responses to a commentary on rape(1992) Wright, Julie A.; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access A Multilevel Examination of Trust: The Role of Team Members’ Psychological Needs in the Formation and Emergence of Intrateam Trust(2020-06-01) Larson, Nicole Lynn; O'Neill, Thomas A.; Turner, Nick; Ellard, John H.; Weatherhead, Julie G.; Colquitt, JasonTrust is critical for team effectiveness. As a team state, intrateam trust is assumed to emerge from bottom-up processes and properties, such as individuals’ characteristics and the relational patterns and interactions between members. Despite this recognition, there is little integration across levels in the study of intrateam trust. To address this, I formulated and tested a multilevel, multi-theoretical, and multi-period framework designed to provide greater theoretical specification of the intrateam trust development process. In Study 1, I focused on the micro-level processes involving trustors and trustees that contribute to trustworthiness. Specifically, psychological needs (i.e., achievement, affiliation, and power) were found to have both negative and positive effects on trustworthiness, depending on the trust loci (i.e., trustors versus trustees). Drawing from conservation of resources theory, I suggested that needs specify team members’ unique vulnerabilities, and thus why/when they may view other members as a threat. At the same time, trustees’ needs were found to facilitate trustworthiness. In Study 2, I delineated the process by which early mutual trustworthiness ties between members coalesce to predict later emergence of intrateam trust. Briefly, results of this study revealed that ability- and integrity-based ties had the strongest effect on later levels of intrateam trust. Whereas, team-level need for affiliation also predicted the emergence of intrateam trust. Moreover, trustworthiness ties and need for affiliation were indirectly related to team performance through intrateam trust. This study also demonstrated that change in intrateam trust consensus was negative. Meaning members’ perceptions of intrateam trust became dissimilar over time. Interesting, early trustworthiness ties predicted the rate of change in consensus. Taken together, this dissertation reveals several novel insights pertaining to the intrateam trust development process occurring at different levels (i.e., individual, dyad, team, and time), and contributes to both the teams and trust literatures.Item Open Access Negative reactions to prolonged suffering: a just world perspective(1990) Stephen, Anne M.; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access Revenge via Social Media: Social Engagement and its Impact on the Reputations of Actors Involved(2022-05-03) Paulin, Mélanie; Boon, Susan D.; Ellard, John H.; Schwartz, Kelly D.; Nordstokke, David W.; Bevan, Jennifer L.After being hurt, harmed, or provoked in interpersonal relationships, individuals sometimes use social media platforms to get even with relational partners. The use of this medium to get even adds a layer of complexity to consequences at stake for actors involved in that vengeful posts can reach widespread audiences in very little time and remain in the cyber-space indefinitely, causing the possibility for continuing harm. In this research, I examined some of the repercussions associated with being involved in an act of social media revenge. I explored these repercussions both from the actors’ perspectives (i.e., the victim and the perpetrator of revenge via social media) in Study 1 (N = 478) as well as from the perspective of observers in Study 2 (N = 244) using hypothetical Facebook revenge scenarios. In Study 1, I found that victims expected their reputations to suffer as a consequence of being targeted online, whereas perpetrators did not believe that enacting revenge via social media would negatively impact their reputations. Additionally, social engagement associated with vengeful social media posts did not influence actors’ perceptions following the revenge. In Study 2, I found that observers of revenge via social media judged both victims and perpetrators more negatively following the revenge, and that social engagement associated with vengeful posts influenced observers’ judgements of perpetrators. The findings of this research revealed important implications such that being involved in a single and comparatively mild act of revenge via social media can negatively affect the reputations of actors involved, perpetrators may be blinded to the consequences of enacting revenge via social media, and a poster-observer discrepancy in terms of the effects of social engagement may exist. Other implications as well as the limitations and future directions of this research are also discussed.Item Open Access Self-trust: definition and creation of the self-trust questionaire(1997) Pasveer, Karen A.; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access Social norms and the expression of culturally acceptable and unacceptable stereotypes(2004) Lawson, Andrea; Ellard, John H.; Fouts, Gregory T.The present study assessed (a) the normative acceptability of expressing negative and positive perceptions of Canadians and Americans; (b) the relationship between this acceptability and degree of expression of these perceptions; (c) whether Canadian views of Americans can be shifted by exposure to contrasting consensus information; and (d) whether the magnitude of this shift is moderated by four individual difference variables. Perceptions of both groups and individual difference variables were assessed in the first of two experimental sessions. In the second session, shifts in perceptions of Americans were examined following the presentation of fabricated consensus information that indicated others held different beliefs about Americans than originally estimated. Correlational and experimental results indicated that people express a particular view of a particular group based on how much that view is perceived to be normative. The individual difference variables did not moderate shifts in this view. The implications of the role of social norms in the expression of acceptable and unacceptable stereotypes and prejudice are discussed.Item Open Access The belief in a just world and memory reconstruction(2007) Callan, Mitchell James; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access The belief in a just world: terror management defense mechanism or autonomous motive?(2010) Bearden, Anomi G.; Ellard, John H.Item Embargo The effects of justice outcome on implicit victim derogation(2003) Callan, Mitchell James; Ellard, John H.Item Open Access The role of relationships in the development of dysphoria(1994) Pasveer, Karen Ann; Ellard, John H.