Browsing by Author "Kelton, David"

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    Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries
    (2019-06-13) Whittington, Richard; Donat, Karsten; Weber, Maarten F; Kelton, David; Nielsen, Søren S; Eisenberg, Suzanne; Arrigoni, Norma; Juste, Ramon; Sáez, Jose L; Dhand, Navneet; Santi, Annalisa; Michel, Anita; Barkema, Herman; Kralik, Petr; Kostoulas, Polychronis; Citer, Lorna; Griffin, Frank; Barwell, Rob; Moreira, Maria A S; Slana, Iva; Koehler, Heike; Singh, Shoor V; Yoo, Han S; Chávez-Gris, Gilberto; Goodridge, Amador; Ocepek, Matjaz; Garrido, Joseba; Stevenson, Karen; Collins, Mike; Alonso, Bernardo; Cirone, Karina; Paolicchi, Fernando; Gavey, Lawrence; Rahman, Md T; de Marchin, Emmanuelle; Van Praet, Willem; Bauman, Cathy; Fecteau, Gilles; McKenna, Shawn; Salgado, Miguel; Fernández-Silva, Jorge; Dziedzinska, Radka; Echeverría, Gustavo; Seppänen, Jaana; Thibault, Virginie; Fridriksdottir, Vala; Derakhshandeh, Abdolah; Haghkhah, Masoud; Ruocco, Luigi; Kawaji, Satoko; Momotani, Eiichi; Heuer, Cord; Norton, Solis; Cadmus, Simeon; Agdestein, Angelika; Kampen, Annette; Szteyn, Joanna; Frössling, Jenny; Schwan, Ebba; Caldow, George; Strain, Sam; Carter, Mike; Wells, Scott; Munyeme, Musso; Wolf, Robert; Gurung, Ratna; Verdugo, Cristobal; Fourichon, Christine; Yamamoto, Takehisa; Thapaliya, Sharada; Di Labio, Elena; Ekgatat, Monaya; Gil, Andres; Alesandre, Alvaro N; Piaggio, José; Suanes, Alejandra; de Waard, Jacobus H
    Abstract Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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    Enhancing Antimicrobial Stewardship On Dairy Farms With A Focus On Selective Treatment Of Clinical Mastitis
    (2024-01-16) De Jong, Ellen; Barkema, Herman W.; Orsel, Karin; Kelton, David; Kastelic, John; Sanchez, Javier
    Clinical mastitis (CM) treatment decisions have been the focus of antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy sector, as CM and antimicrobial dry cow treatments account for the majority of antimicrobials used on farms. To improve on-farm antimicrobial stewardship, a selective treatment approach of CM is explored, centering around milk culture-guided decisions. Detailed principles of selective CM treatment and an evidence-based protocol are presented in Chapter 2, alongside an overview of expected cow and farm impacts, impact of proportion of Gram-negative cases on expected reduction in antimicrobial use, adoption rates across the globe, and knowledge and technology gaps. A systematic review and meta-analysis is presented in Chapter 3, evidencing that a selective CM treatment protocol can be adopted without adversely influencing bacteriological and clinical cure, somatic cell count, milk yield, and incidence of recurrence or culling. Chapter 4 presents survey results of 142 farms detailing adoption of various CM protocols among Canadian dairy farmers, demonstrating an association between increased adoption of selective CM protocols and low average cow SCC, as well as a distinction between 3 groups of farmers with similar relative importance of decision factors. Delving further into CM decision-making, Chapter 5 presents considerations of Western Canadian dairy farmers at each decision step from identification of CM to treatment termination, as well as 3 overarching themes impacting each step: Personal attributes, Inter-actor dynamics, and Moving beyond protocols. Chapter 6 describes 4 themes related to perceptions on mastitis-related antimicrobial use: Antibiotic use paradox: Perception vs. reality; Low disease incidence is a badge of honor; In good hands: Veterinarians as safeguards; and “It takes a village to make a change”, alongside 10 proposed interventions designed using the Behavior Change Wheel to mitigate voiced barriers and appeal to facilitators towards milk-culture guided decisions. To advance this research future efforts should be focused on improving selection of CM cases to exclude antimicrobial treatment, discouraging inadequate mastitis-related antimicrobial stewardship practices, enhancing quality and accessibility of milk diagnostic tests, and stimulating and monitoring uptake of selective CM protocols.