Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries

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dc.contributor.authorWhittington, Richard
dc.contributor.authorDonat, Karsten
dc.contributor.authorWeber, Maarten F
dc.contributor.authorKelton, David
dc.contributor.authorNielsen, Søren S
dc.contributor.authorEisenberg, Suzanne
dc.contributor.authorArrigoni, Norma
dc.contributor.authorJuste, Ramon
dc.contributor.authorSáez, Jose L
dc.contributor.authorDhand, Navneet
dc.contributor.authorSanti, Annalisa
dc.contributor.authorMichel, Anita
dc.contributor.authorBarkema, Herman
dc.contributor.authorKralik, Petr
dc.contributor.authorKostoulas, Polychronis
dc.contributor.authorCiter, Lorna
dc.contributor.authorGriffin, Frank
dc.contributor.authorBarwell, Rob
dc.contributor.authorMoreira, Maria A S
dc.contributor.authorSlana, Iva
dc.contributor.authorKoehler, Heike
dc.contributor.authorSingh, Shoor V
dc.contributor.authorYoo, Han S
dc.contributor.authorChávez-Gris, Gilberto
dc.contributor.authorGoodridge, Amador
dc.contributor.authorOcepek, Matjaz
dc.contributor.authorGarrido, Joseba
dc.contributor.authorStevenson, Karen
dc.contributor.authorCollins, Mike
dc.contributor.authorAlonso, Bernardo
dc.contributor.authorCirone, Karina
dc.contributor.authorPaolicchi, Fernando
dc.contributor.authorGavey, Lawrence
dc.contributor.authorRahman, Md T
dc.contributor.authorde Marchin, Emmanuelle
dc.contributor.authorVan Praet, Willem
dc.contributor.authorBauman, Cathy
dc.contributor.authorFecteau, Gilles
dc.contributor.authorMcKenna, Shawn
dc.contributor.authorSalgado, Miguel
dc.contributor.authorFernández-Silva, Jorge
dc.contributor.authorDziedzinska, Radka
dc.contributor.authorEcheverría, Gustavo
dc.contributor.authorSeppänen, Jaana
dc.contributor.authorThibault, Virginie
dc.contributor.authorFridriksdottir, Vala
dc.contributor.authorDerakhshandeh, Abdolah
dc.contributor.authorHaghkhah, Masoud
dc.contributor.authorRuocco, Luigi
dc.contributor.authorKawaji, Satoko
dc.contributor.authorMomotani, Eiichi
dc.contributor.authorHeuer, Cord
dc.contributor.authorNorton, Solis
dc.contributor.authorCadmus, Simeon
dc.contributor.authorAgdestein, Angelika
dc.contributor.authorKampen, Annette
dc.contributor.authorSzteyn, Joanna
dc.contributor.authorFrössling, Jenny
dc.contributor.authorSchwan, Ebba
dc.contributor.authorCaldow, George
dc.contributor.authorStrain, Sam
dc.contributor.authorCarter, Mike
dc.contributor.authorWells, Scott
dc.contributor.authorMunyeme, Musso
dc.contributor.authorWolf, Robert
dc.contributor.authorGurung, Ratna
dc.contributor.authorVerdugo, Cristobal
dc.contributor.authorFourichon, Christine
dc.contributor.authorYamamoto, Takehisa
dc.contributor.authorThapaliya, Sharada
dc.contributor.authorDi Labio, Elena
dc.contributor.authorEkgatat, Monaya
dc.contributor.authorGil, Andres
dc.contributor.authorAlesandre, Alvaro N
dc.contributor.authorPiaggio, José
dc.contributor.authorSuanes, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorde Waard, Jacobus H
dc.date.accessioned2019-06-16T00:07:39Z
dc.date.available2019-06-16T00:07:39Z
dc.date.issued2019-06-13
dc.date.updated2019-06-16T00:07:39Z
dc.description.abstractAbstract Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
dc.identifier.citationBMC Veterinary Research. 2019 Jun 13;15(1):198
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1880/110500
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/44266
dc.language.rfc3066en
dc.rights.holderThe Author(s).
dc.titleControl of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries
dc.typeJournal Article
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