A List of Bilateral Civilian Interstate Nuclear Cooperation Agreements

Abstract

The focus of the list is on bilateral interstate civilian nuclear cooperation agreements. While states and their agencies are usually the actors involved, the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union and, much more importantly, the European Union and its component organizations and predecessors cannot be ignored: those agreements are generally included. Otherwise, multi-state associations are ignored. Multilateral agreements, including regional agreements, have been excluded, though in some cases these may have originated with a bilateral arrangement which is included. In some cases, multilateral participation in a program, such as the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s severe accident program, may take the form of bilateral agreements, and these are included. The list has particularly been directed to agreements related to nuclear power and research reactors, fusion, and related research, supply, safeguarding, safety, regulatory and emergency cooperation activity. Additionally, agreements concerning science and technology cooperation, accidents and environmental concerns, and in some cases broader agreements with nuclear cooperation references or implications, have been included. Declarations, Joint Statements, Minutes or results of meetings, Communiqués and the like have also been included in this new version; in some cases, these mere-ly acknowledge nuclear cooperation (but may be of use in providing information), but in others they may include more substantive provisions. Other sorts of agreements, such as those essentially financial or legal (e.g. liability) in nature, or focusing on medical, industrial or agricultural uses of nuclear energy, have been excluded from both the list and the dataset, except at times in the Notes. Agreements with respect to nuclear-powered vessels, including permission to enter ports, have been excluded. While, as noted above, some early agreements with a strong weapons flavour are included – for historical interest – agreements focused on defence or disarmament are not included. American-Russian agreements related to converting material from military to civilian used are an exception here.

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