Examining the Impact of Culture’s Consequences: A Three-Decade, Multi-Level, Meta-Analytic Review of Hofstede‟s Cultural Value Dimensions
Date
2010
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American Psychological Association (APA)
Abstract
Using data from 598 studies representing over 200,000 individuals, we meta-analyze the
relationship between Hofstede‟s (1980a) original four cultural value dimensions and a variety of
organizationally relevant outcomes. First, values predict outcomes with similar strength (with an
overall absolute weighted effect size of ρ=0.18) at the individual level of analysis. Second, the
predictive power of the cultural values was significantly lower than that of personality traits and
demographics for certain outcomes (e.g., job performance, absenteeism, turnover), but
significantly higher for others (e.g., organizational commitment, identification, citizenship
behavior, team-related attitudes, feedback seeking). Third, cultural values were most strongly
related to emotions, followed by attitudes, then behaviors, and finally job performance. Fourth,
cultural values were more strongly related to outcomes for managers (rather than students),
older, male, and more educated respondents. Fifth, findings were stronger for primary, rather
than secondary, data. Finally, we provide support for Gelfand, Nishii and Raver's (2006)
conceptualization of societal tightness-looseness, finding significantly stronger effects in
culturally tighter, rather than looser, countries.
Description
This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.
This is a post-print file as per the journal publisher's requirements.
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Citation
Taras, V., Kirkman, B.L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of Culture’s Consequences: A three-decade, multi-level, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405-439.