Browsing by Author "Malloy, David C."
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Item Open Access Differential Association and Role-Set Configuration:The Impact of Significant Others Upon the Perception of Ethical Climate in a Sports Organization.(Human Kinetics Journals, 2001) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that significant others have upon the perception of ethical climate in a Canadian provincial nonprofit sport federation. The study was theoretically based upon the concepts of differential association and role-set configuration as well as the ethical climate dimensions developed in a non-profit context by Agarwal and Malloy (1999). The results demonstrate some support for the earlier empirical and theoretical findings that suggest that members of non-profit organizations may not be influenced by internal strategies of control and conformity. While this study was based upon a single provincial sport federation, the authors cautiously draw attention to the implications that the results may have for other non-profit organizations.Item Open Access Ethical Climate in a Non-Profit Organization: Propositions and Implications(Wiley, 2001) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.The authors discuss a number of variables that may influence the perception of ethical climate in the nonprofit sector, including individual, organizational, and significant other (peers, coworkers, and superiors) variables. The basis of this discussion is the model developed by Agarwal and Malloy (1999) identifying a framework for nonprofits that is distinct from the for-profit orientation. The authors provide ten propositions and discuss their implications.Item Open Access The ethical climate of government and non-profit organizations Implications for public-private partnerships(Taylor & Francis, 2003) Agarwal, James; Rasmussen, Ken; Malloy, David C.One aspect of relations between government and non-profit organizations that has received little attention is the impact of differing ethical climates. Using Victor and Cullens' model of ethical climate, this article offers a qualitative survey of the differences between the two sectors. It finds that there are differences in both the sources of ethical climate and the criteria used to judge ethical climate. Public servants tend to be more cosmopolitan in that their source of ethical climate comes from sources external to themselves such as professional or legal norms. Non-profit mangers tended to have stronger beliefs that principles are to be self chosen and the climate is to be guided by personal ethics.Item Open Access Ethical work climate dimensions in a not-for-profit organization: an empirical study.(Springer Science & Business Media B.V., 1999) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.This paper is an attempt to address the limited amount of research in the realm of organizational ethical climate in the not-for-profit sector. The paper draws from Victor and Cullen's (1988) theoretical framework which, combines the constructs of cognitive moral development, ethical theory, and locus of analysis. However, as a point of departure from Victor and Cullen's work, the authors propose an alternative methodology to extract ethical climate dimensions based on theoretical considerations. Using the Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), an exploratory factor analysis is conducted followed by a confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL. The resulting five dimensions are labelled as: individual caring, machiavellianism, independence, social caring, and law and code. Findings provide a somewhat disparate perspective of the ethical climates in a not-for-profit context. First, there is a more discriminating perception of benevolent climate than its for-profit counterpart. Second, the dimensions are polarized between the individual and the cosmopolitan loci of analysis. These findings are then discussed with implications and direction for future research.Item Open Access Factors influencing ethical climate in a nonprofit organisation: an empirical investigation(Henry Stewart Publications, 2003) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.Drawing from Victor and Cullen's[Victor, B. and Cullen, J. B. (1987) ‘A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations’, Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9, pp. 51–71.],[Victor, B. and Cullen, J. B. (1988) ‘The organizational bases of ethical work climates’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33, pp. 101–125.] theoretical framework a recent study by Agarwal and Malloy[Agarwal, J. and Malloy, D. C. (1999) ‘Ethical work climate dimensions in a not-for-profit organization: An empirical study’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 20, pp. 1–14.] examined ethical work climate dimensions in the context of a nonprofit organisation. This paper reviews the framework and extends the study further by investigating several factors that influence the perception of ethical work climate in a nonprofit organisation. The multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) procedure is employed to test nine hypotheses. Results demonstrate somewhat unique findings regarding factors that influence ethical climate perception in a nonprofit context. Specifically, the findings of this study point to the level of education, decision style and the influence that superiors and volunteers have upon ethical perception. Results also demonstrate that factors that have been employed traditionally by forprofit management, such as length of service, codes of ethics, size of the organisation and peer pressure, do not effectively influence ethical perception in the nonprofit context. Finally implications of this study are discussed.Item Open Access An Integrated Model of Ethical Decision-making: a Proposed Pedagogical Framework for a Marketing Ethics Curriculum(Springer, 2002) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.This paper presents an integrated model of ethical decision-making in marketing that incorporates teleological, deontological and existential theory. First, this framework provides a descriptive model, which enables the decision-maker to evaluate each step of the decision-making process from three disparate perspectives in order to ensure a more comprehensive ethical decision – that is, one which is good, right, and authentic. A set of moderating factors that influence the process and the outcome of the ethical decision-making process is also identified. Second, we propose a pedagogical framework in developing a set of modules for a course curriculum on ethical decision-making in marketing. It has been argued that the approaches to teaching marketing ethics have traditionally been based upon normative theories and that students of marketing ethics have been deprived of the opportunity to personalize their value systems in ethical situations. Our proposed integrated framework allows for the student to apply personal values to bear on the decision context since existentialism, at the core foundation, is really a theory of choice.Item Open Access The role of existentialism in ethical business decision-making(Wiley Online Library, 2000) Agarwal, James; Malloy, David C.This paper presents an integrated model of ethical decision-making in business that incorporates teleological, deontological and existential theory. Existentialism has been curiously overlooked by many scholars in the field despite the fact that it is so fundamentally a theory of choice. We argue that it is possible to seek good organisational ends (teleology), through the use of right means (deontology), and enable the decision-maker to do so authentically (existentialism). More specifically, we provide a framework that will enable the decision-maker to integrate the various ethical schools of thought available to them and to apply this framework in the ethical decision-making process. The model presented makes explicit the existential position of choice and takes into account other contextual moderating factors. Negative Option Marketing is used as a running application to illustrate the role of existentialism in the decision-making process.